The Changes Of The World s Civilizations - 1112 Words

Several countries and cultures throughout history rise while others fall. Some countries invade while others are invaded. Numerous factors come into play when reviewing the history and the changes of the world’s civilizations. A prime example of a territory constantly invaded by empires until finally becoming its own country is Syria. Though Syria has faced many trials throughout its past, it faces several in the present. Syrian culture, economics, politics, and military advances have been contributions to its military conflicts and Civil War. For centuries Syria has been fought over by empires, primarily for its geographical location. Syria is located on the borders of Turkey, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, and the Mediterranean and is slightly larger than the state of North Dakota (Countries Compared by Geography Area Comparative. International Statistics at NationMaster.com, n.d.). Within the 71,000 square miles of its desert terrain, Syria is home to a population of 16,673,282 people (Stanford, 2016). Most of the population, especially the wealthy, resides near the Mediterranean Sea in the country’s capital, Damascus. According to Countries and their Culture, â€Å"The rapid spread of that city into nearby farmland has resulted in traffic congestion, overtaxed water supplies, pollution, and housing shortages. Many older buildings have been taken down to make room for roads and newer structures. The outskirts of the city have become overrun with quicklyShow MoreRelatedThe Changes Of The World s Civilizations1101 Words   |  5 Pages Several countries and cultures throughout history rise while others fall. Some countries invade while others are invaded. Numerous factors come into play when reviewing the history and the changes of the world’s civilizations. A prime example of a territory constantly invaded by empires until finally becoming its own country is Syria. Though Syria has faced many trials throughout its past, it faces several in the present. Syrian culture, economics, politics, and military advances haveRead MoreThe World Of World History1284 Words   |  6 Pages Summer Work Preface: I. World history explores human pasts worldwide to help us understand the world around us. To help us understand that the world needs to continue to develop or we will fall behind. This text talks about how human migration and trade amongst other things has gotten us to where we are today. A.Generalization of World history B.Periodization C.Key events D.Conclusion II. The world history explores the past so humans around the world can understand the terrene aroundRead MoreThe Clash Of Civilisations By Samuel Huntington1110 Words   |  5 Pagesdue to the clash of people s cultural and religious identities. Written from a post cold war perspective in 1993, Huntington discusses how future wars will follow a similar pattern. He focuses especially on the impact of the ‘dominant civilization of the West against the world s contrasting civilizations. Huntington s primary focus of the West as a dominating force against the rest is one critique of his argument. In addition, Huntington s definition of a civilization is also very open-ended andRead MoreAnalysis of William Goldings Lord of the Flies Essay700 Words   |  3 PagesAnalysis of William Goldings Lord of the Flies Civilization is the progress toward a society of privacy. The savages whole existence is public, ruled by the laws of his tribe. Civilization is the process of setting man free from men. (Ayn Rand) This quote explains this story, Lord of the Flies, in many ways. This book is about a plane full of boys escaping from the war happening in there society but unfortunately got shot and crashed down on an island. This plane contains boys coming backRead MoreThe Day After 911: Changes of the United States963 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"The Day after 911: Changes of the United States† The Middle East is one of the birthplaces of human kind’s civilization. Since the Ancient Egypt, Sumer, the Arab Empire, Turkey Empire, or even to present day, the Middle East has always been a valuable strategic point for not only because of its geographic location but also it full of petroleum and nature gas. According the OPEC (Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries) that 66% of the global oil reserves are in the Middle East andRead MoreAnalysis Of Basil Davidson s The Black Slave Trade1248 Words   |  5 PagesOver generations, Africa has been stripped from its truth and robbed from its historic contributions. Although the people of Africa greatly contributed to the world with their countless genius innovations, their recognition was nearly nonexistent. The endured hardships that were rooted by the Europeans during and after the Trans-Atlantic slave trade has led many to believe that the continent of Africa was inhabited by degenerates. This seemed to have become the single story of Africa. Basil DavidsonRead MoreEssay on Attributes That Have Influence566 Words   |  3 PagesInfluenced Western Civilization There have been major influences from ancient civilizations that have helped the development of our Western Civilization today. Two major civilizations that have maybe contributed the most to our civilization are ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia. Some of their contributions to our world today include farming, sailing and navigation, and the use of their calendar. First, and possibly the most important attribute that have come from the ancient civilizations is the art ofRead MoreLord of the Flies: 24 Quotes Using Literary Devices and Significance1649 Words   |  7 Pagesdescending and cutting into living flesh; because of the unbearable blood. (pg 31) Characterization: The others know that Jack couldn’t kill the sow because he has never killed another living creature. This quote shows how the boy(s) still have a trace of civilization in them. Jack could not have killed the sow because he is still a child and he has never killed before. â€Å"On his right were most of the choir; on his left the larger boys who had not known each other before... Before him small childrenRead MoreThe Decline Of The Mayan Civilization1196 Words   |  5 PagesThe rise of civilizations significantly increased as the world made its shift from the Paleolithic Era to the Neolithic Era and onward. The Mayan civilization arose as a part of Mesoamerica during the sixteenth century. Occupying the regions of Central America and Mexico, the Mayans had a strong impact on the world with militaristic and influence from the invention of advancements. The earliest record of the Mayan existence dates back to circa 400 B.C. The Mayan Civilization extended over a timeRead MoreThe Threat Of Global Economy1078 Words   |  5 PagesOur twenty-first century civilization is encountering an outgrowing capacity, which is moving us onto an economic path that is not environmentally sustainable. Today, we face many environmental problems that put us at risk i n achieving long-term sustainability, but we all have the decision to take action and move onto a path that sustains economic progress or watch our modern economy decline and collapse. We cannot say that we do not have the resources to move the world onto a path that can sustain

Personal Worldview Essay Free Essays

Agave may be one of the most popular natural sweeteners today, but its rise in popularity in the U. S. didn’t begin until around 2003. We will write a custom essay sample on Personal Worldview Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Now it’s commonly used as an alternative to sugar, honey, or maple syrup for cooking, baking, and sweetening everything from coffee to oatmeal. Agave nectar (or syrup) is produced from the agave plant – the same plant used to make tequila. It tastes similar to honey with a hint of molasses and is manufactured by extracting the juice from the plant’s core, which is then filtered, heated or treated with enzymes and concentrated until it becomes a syrupy liquid. Proponents of this natural sweetener claim that it’s a healthy alternative to sugar, honey, and other sweeteners because of its low glycemic index. It’s advertised as ideal for people who are watching their weight or folks with diabetes who are working to lower their blood sugar levels. But before you add agave nectar to your grocery list, here’s what the heck you need to know. Agave nectar contains up to 90 percent fructose. That’s significantly more than table sugar, which is 50 percent fructose (and 50 percent glucose) once it’s broken down by your body. A gave’s high fructose content gives it advantages and disadvantages. The good part first: Because fructose has a low glycemic index, agave doesn’t cause your blood sugars to spike as rapidly after eating it, which means it can temper the sugar rush that occurs after eating something sweet. And even though agave and white sugar contain approximately the same number of calories, agave is markedly sweeter. That means you can get away with using less to flavor your coffee, morning oatmeal, or baked goods and potentially save yourself a few calories. Now for the bad part. The high fructose content in agave can have some undesirable health effects. Studies have shown that large amounts of fructose can increase blood-triglyceride levels, and high triglycerides are a known risk factor for heart disease. In addition, some people have trouble absorbing fructose, so eating it can cause bloating, gas and abdominal discomfort. Agave can be especially problematic for people with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). The Verdict: Should You Switch to Agave? As with so many issues in nutrition, the health-related pros and cons of agave aren’t clear-cut. My feeling is, if you’re only using a few teaspoons of sweetener a day, the differences are negligible and you can choose whichever one you prefer. In other words, limiting the total amount of sweetener you’re using will have a much bigger impact on your health than altering the type of sugar you use. With that in mind, don’t use agave as an excuse to pump more sweet stuff into your diet just because it has a lower glycemic index. Most of us consume far more sugar in all forms than we should. And if agave is your sweetener of choice, just remember to keep your intake to no more than one tablespoon (that’s three teaspoons) TOTAL per day. How to cite Personal Worldview Essay, Essays

Animal Farm- Themes / Language and Meaning free essay sample

Themes Language and Meaning In Animal Farm, his allegory of the Soviet Revolution, Orwell examines the use of language and the subversion of the meaning of words by showing how the powerful manipulate words for their own benefit. As a journalist, Orwell knew the power of words to serve whichever side the writer backed. In the novel, Snowball is a quick talker who can always explain his way out of any situation. When the birds object to the maxim, Four legs good, two legs bad, that the pig teaches the sheep, he explains that the birds wing is an organ of propulsion and not of manipulation. It should therefore be regarded as a leg. The birds do not really understand this explanation, but they accept it. Orwell particularly comments on the abuse of language with his character Squealer, a brilliant talker, who acts as an unofficial head of propaganda for the pigs. Like Joseph Goebbels, who bore the title of Nazi party minister of propaganda and national enlightenment during World War II, Squealer could turn black into white. This is also reminiscent of the official newspaper of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, Pravda, which was often used to rewrite the past. (Ironically, its title means Truth. ) When a bad winter forces a reduction in food rations to the animals, Squealer calls it a readjustment. In a totalitarian state, language can be used to change even the past. Squealer explains to the animals that Snowball had never—as many of them had believed hitherto—received the order of Animal Hero, First Class. God and Religion In the novel religion is represented by Moses, the tame raven. The clergy is presented as a privileged class tolerated by those in power because of their ability to placate the masses with promises of rewards in the after? life for suffering endured on Earth. Moses is afforded special treatment not available to the other animals. For example, he is the only animal not present at the meeting called by Old Major as the book opens. Later, the reader is told the other animals hate the raven because he does not do any work, in fact, the pigs give him a daily ration of beer. Like Lenin, who roclaimed religion was the opiate of the people, Orwell sees organized religion as another corruptible institution which serves to keep the masses tranquil. Moses preaches the existence of a mysterious country called Sugarcandy Mountain, to which all animals went when they died; in that distant land it was Sunday seven days a week, clover was in season all the year round, and lump sugar and linseed cake grew on the hedges. Human Rights In Animal Farm, Orwell comme nts on those who corrupt the idea of human rights by showing how the animals deal with the issue of equality. In chapter one, Old Major interrupts his speech appealing to the animals for a Rebellion against the humans by asking for a vote on whether wild creatures, such as rats and rabbits should be included in the statement All animals are comrades. Although at this point, the animals vote to accept the rats, later distinctions between different types of animals become so commonplace that the seventh commandment of Animalism is officially changed to read, All animals are equal, but some are more equal than others. A number of societies have historically voted that portions of their populations were not equal because of their faith, their skin color, or their ancestry. Class Conflict Orwell saw first? hand how being a member of a lower class singled him out for abuse at St. Cyprians, a school which attracted most of its students from the British upper class. He had also seen how the British ruling class in Burma had abused the native population. In Animal Farm the animals begin by proclaimi ng the equality of all animals. The classless society soon becomes divided as preferential treatment is given to the pigs. First, they alone are allowed to consume the milk and the apples which Squealer claims they do not really want to take, but must to preserve their strength. Later, the other animals are told that they must stand aside if they meet a pig coming down a path, and that all pigs had the privilege of wearing green ribbons on their tails on Sundays. By this time, not even an explanation from Squealer is necessary; the hierarchy in thesociety is well? established. A pointed remark by Mr. Pilkington of Foxwood, who represents Great Britain in Orwells satire, puts the authors distaste for classes in perspective. When Mr. Pilkington and other farmers meet with Napoleon in the novels last scene, Pilkington chokes with amusement as he says to the pigs, If you have your lower animals to contend with, we have our lower classes. Orwell knew that with power came the abuse of power and only a vigilant citizenry could prevent such abuses. Politics Orwell uses Animal Farm to express his deeply held political convictions. He stated in his 1946 essay, Why I Write, every line of serious work that I have written since 1936 has been written, directly or indirectly, against totalitarianism and for Democratic socialism Although the novel is written in direct response to his bitter disappointment that the Russian Revolution, instead of establishing a peoples republic, established an essentially totalitarian state, its continued relevance is possible because his criticism stands against any and all totalitarian regimes. The only protection the average citizen has against a similar tyranny developing in his own country is his refusal to blindly follow the crowd (like the sheep), the repudiation of all spurious explanations by propaganda sources (like Squealer), and diligent attention to all government activity, instead of faithfully following those in power (like Boxer). Truth and Falsehood In the novel, the animals are often forced to examine the meaning of truth in their society. Again and again, truth becomes simply what Snowball, and later Squealer, tells them. Any questions about past events that do not seem to match the pigs version of those events are either discounted or explained away. For example, when some of the animals are executed after they confess to various crimes against Napoleon, some of those left alive remember that the Sixth Commandment of Animalism was No animal shall kill any other animal. When Clover asks Muriel to read the commandment, however, it is discovered that it reads, No animal shall kill any other animal without cause. Somehow or other, the narrator comments, the last two words had slipped out of the animals memory. Similarly, when the pigs get into a case of whiskey and get drunk, Muriel looks up at the barn wall where the Seven Commandments had been written and sees that the Fifth Commandment reads, No animal shall drink alcohol to excess. She thinks the animals must have forgotten the last two words of this commandment as well. She comes to believe that the original event of the writing of the commandmen ts on the wall did not happen the way she and other animals remember it. With this theme Orwell challenges the Soviet states—and any totalitarian states—method of controlling public opinion by manipulating the truth and, in particular, rewriting history. Animal Farm Style Point of View The third? person point of view traditionally used for fables and fairy tales is the one Orwell chooses for Animal Farm, his tale of an animal rebellion against humans in which the pigs become the powerful elite. The storyteller in this case, as is also typical of the fable, tells the reader only what is needed to follow the story and the bare minimum about each character, without overt commentary. Orwell focuses on the bewilderment of the simple beasts—the horses, birds, and sheep—in the face of their manipulation by the pigs, eliciting sympathy from the reader. Setting Animal Farm takes place at an unspecified time on a British farm near Willingdon, a town that is mentioned only in passing. The farm is first called Manor Farm, later renamed Animal Farm and, finally, Manor Farm once more. Manor— which can mean the land overseen by a lord, the house of a lord, or a mansion—associates the farm with the upper, or ruling, class. Orwell focuses entirely on activities taking place at the farm, except for a brief scene in Willingdon when Jones asks his neighbors to help him. By keeping a narrow focus, Orwell makes the location in England unimportant. Narrator The narrator in the novel functions as a storyteller, telling a fable Orwell gives the fable ironic overtones by using a naive narrator, one who refuses to comment on events in the novel that the reader understands to be false. After Muriel tells Clover that the fourth commandment of Animalism reads, No animal shall sleep in a bed with sheets, the narrator declares: Curiously enough, Clover had not remembered that the Fourth Commandment mentioned sheets; but as it was there on the wall, it must have done so. Both the reader and the narrator know the truth of the matter—that the words of the commandment have been changed—but the narrator does not admit it. The tension between what the narrator knows but does not say and what the reader knows is dramatic irony. Dramatic Irony With dramatic irony an audience, or reader, understands the difference between the truth of a situation and what the characters know about it, while the characters remain ignorant of the discrepancy. For instance, Squealer explains that the van in which Boxer was taken to the hospital formerly belonged to a horse slaughterer. He further explains that the veterinarian who now uses it did not have the time to paint over the horse slaughterers sign on its side, so the animals should not worry. The narrator says: The animals were enormously relieved to hear this. The reader, who assumed the truth when the van originally appeared to carry the horse away, feels doubly outraged by Squealers explanation Fairy Tales The fairy story, or fairy tale, is a type of folk literature found all over the world. It involves a highly imaginative narrative told in a simple manner easily understood and enjoyed even by children. While they do not have a moral, fairy tales instruct by placing their character s in situations that they have to overcome; children who hear the tales can imagine what they would do in a similar situation. Fairy tales, also, often involve animals that can talk. Orwell gave his work the subtitle A Fairy Story. The reader can surmise that the story told in Animal Farm is universal, with implications for every culture or country, and that it will be easily understood. Using fairy story to describe his novel is another bit of irony, because the political story behind the tale is far from the light entertainment the term implies. Satire A work that uses humor to criticize a weakness or defect is called a satire. The satirist makes whatever he is criticizing look ridiculous by a variety of methods, often through irony or other types of biting humor. eNotes. com. The satirist hopes to change the behavior he is satirizing. Orwell ridicules the so? called achievements of the Russian revolution in a number of ways: by comparing its proponents to animals, by developing irony through the use of the naive narrator, and by allowing each animal or group of animals to stand for one human trait or tendency that he criticizes. Fable A fable is a short, imag inative narrative, usually with animal characters, that illustrates a moral. The characters often embody a specific human trait, like jealousy, to make fun of humans who act similarly. Orwell uses details to make his animal characters seem like real animals: the cat vanishes for hours at a lime; Molly the mare likes to have her nose stroked. The animals also represent human traits or characteristics: the pigs are selfish power? grabbers, the sheep are dim? witted yes? men, and the horses are stout? hearted workers. Animal Farm, like the traditional fable, is told in a simple, straightforward style. Allegory In an allegory, characters and events stand for something else. In this case, the characters in the novel standfor significant figures in twentieth? entury Russian history. Orwell makes the characters easily identifiable for those who know the historic parallels, because he gives each one a trait, or has them perform certain tasks, that are like that of a historical figure. Old Major is identified with Karl Marx because, just as Old Major develops the teachings that fuel the Animal Rebellion, Marx formulated the ideas that spawned the Russian revolution. Napoleo n and Snowball, both pigs, stand for Russian leaders Joseph Stalin and Leon Trotsky. Stalin and Trotsky had a falling out much like Napoleon and

Walter Johnson a Pitcher Essay Example For Students

Walter Johnson a Pitcher Essay In the beginning there were players like Ty Cobb who hit .300 for 23 consecutive years, and the flying dutchman Honus Wagner. Pitchers like the christian gentleman Christy Mathewson, and the winningest pitcher in history Cy Young. In the years when the only Yankees were the people in the north and there was an upstart franchise called the American League there was a pitcher, his name was Walter Johnson. Known as the big train because of his high powered fastball which was unequaled in all of baseball Johnson was a poor Kansas farm-hand who became one of the best pitchers baseball has ever been lucky to have ever seen, and he was on one of the worst teams in the history of baseball. We will write a custom essay on Walter Johnson a Pitcher specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Walter Johnson was born in 1887 in a small town called Humboldt,Ks. As a teenager his interests turned from working on a farm to baseball; as he soon found out, he had a natural calling for pitching. As he went to high school he became one of the nations best pitchers and it was just a matter of time before he would be drafted for the majors. He was drafted by the Washington Senators in 1907 for $9. His first year wasnt so good but in his second year he earned the name the big train with an amazing won loss record. Back when Walter pitched they had no Cy Young awards or league MVP awards but if they had, Walter would have won a dozen of each. On a team with a won loss record of around 60 and 94 Walter usually had half of their wins. He would frequently lead the league in wins, E.R.A., and strikeouts, but even the lackluster of the Senetors had some effect on him. In 1916 he had a miniscule E.R.A. of 1.86 but lost 20 games. It was 1924, and by hard work and determination (Johnson went 23-7) the Senators made it to the World Series but, they had to face the powerhouse of the N.Y.Giants with John McGraw at the helm. Johnson had never won a World Series game in his life and it was his dream of being able to do so but he was getting old and he knew this would probably be his last chance to win one. In game one he lost a heart breaker to the Giants ace. He had a no decision in the second game and had only one more chance at his goal and he knew it, in game 7, the series tied 3-3, he came into the game in the 7th with the score tied 3-3 but his team couldnt come up with a run so Johnson, through the 7 and 8th, mowed down hitters, through the 9 he knew he was running on empty and he would probably come out of the game. He then pitched what he thought would be his final World Series inning, the top of the 10th, in the bottem of the 10th with 2 men out and runners at the corners the Washington batter lifted a ba ll into shallow left that droped for a single and Johnson won his only his first and last World Series game and Washingtons only World Series. Johnson retired in 1927 at the age of 40, he had spent 21 years on probably the worst team in baseball and come out the best pitcher ever in the game. He was elected onto the original Hall Of Fame in 1936 with such players as Ty Cobb and Babe Ruth. Walter Perry Johnson died on December 10, 1946 in Washington D.C. in the town were he pitched for 21 years. .uc09de3b2b48117fd7b312af274c19796 , .uc09de3b2b48117fd7b312af274c19796 .postImageUrl , .uc09de3b2b48117fd7b312af274c19796 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uc09de3b2b48117fd7b312af274c19796 , .uc09de3b2b48117fd7b312af274c19796:hover , .uc09de3b2b48117fd7b312af274c19796:visited , .uc09de3b2b48117fd7b312af274c19796:active { border:0!important; } .uc09de3b2b48117fd7b312af274c19796 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uc09de3b2b48117fd7b312af274c19796 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uc09de3b2b48117fd7b312af274c19796:active , .uc09de3b2b48117fd7b312af274c19796:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uc09de3b2b48117fd7b312af274c19796 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uc09de3b2b48117fd7b312af274c19796 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uc09de3b2b48117fd7b312af274c19796 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uc09de3b2b48117fd7b312af274c19796 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uc09de3b2b48117fd7b312af274c19796:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uc09de3b2b48117fd7b312af274c19796 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uc09de3b2b48117fd7b312af274c19796 .uc09de3b2b48117fd7b312af274c19796-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uc09de3b2b48117fd7b312af274c19796:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Federalism From Its Beginning To The Present Essay2nd in history with 416 winshad 279 losses (27 were lost 1-0 and his team shut out in 65 of his starts.)career E.R.A. of 2.17first in career shutouts with 110led league: 5 times E.R.A, 12 times strikeouts, shut outs 7 times, wins 6 timesElected to original Hall of Fame in 1936.

Piggys Demise essays

Piggy's Demise essays "Fancy thinking the Beast was something you could hunt and kill! You knew, didnt you? Im part of you? Close, close, close! Im the reason why its no go? Why things are what they are?" In William Goldings novel, Lord of the Flies, one particular theme is consistent throughout the novel. It shows how evil acts as a destructive force in which it is carried out on the island in reference to Piggys traits. In relation to this theme, Piggys character plays an important role within the novel. We can look at: Piggys glasses as being a deterioration of his hope, Jacks hatred for Piggy showing this corrupt force, and the death of Piggy portraying the savageness broken out everywhere on the island, to The destruction of Piggys glasses seems to be of a pattern which Jack carries out throughout the novel. This signifies Piggys gradual deterioration of hope. In chapter two, Jack roughly grabs Piggys glasses to start a fire. His specs-use them as burning glasses, Piggy was surrounded before he could back away. Here-Let me go! His voice rose to a shriek of terror as Jack snatched the glasses off his face. Mind out! Give em back! I can hardly see!... ( p.52-53 ) . The fire catches and blazes uncontrollably, nearly killing the boys. The fire foreshadows and symbolizes future hatred and the current evil against Piggy and soon the island. Also, in chapter four, when Piggy criticizes the hunter, Jack viciously slaps him, breaking one of the lens from his glasses. You would, would you? Fatty! Ralph made a step foreword and Jack smacked Piggys head. Piggys glasses flew off and tinkled on the rocks. Piggy cried out in terror: My specs! ( p. 89 ). Now Piggy has an even worse handicap: he is one lens short. Once again, Jack has managed ...

ABA - Applied Behavior Analysis

ABA - Applied Behavior Analysis ABA or Applied Behavior Analysis is a time tested and data-based strategy for teaching children with disabilities. It is most often used with children with autistic spectrum disorders but is an effective tool for children with behavioral disorders, multiple disabilities, and severe intellectual handicaps. It is the only treatment for Autistic Spectrum disorders approved by the FDA (Food and Drug Administration.) ABA is based on the work of B.F. Skinner, also known as the father of Behaviorism.   Behaviorism is a scientific means of understanding behavior.   Known as the three-term contingency, behavior is stimulus, response, and reinforcement.   It is also understood as Antecedent, Behavior, and Consequence, or ABC.   The ABCs of ABA The antecedent is what happens before the behavior, and may or may not have a causal relationship.  The behavior is what the subject does:   we try to operationalize the behavior, or find a way to objectively describe the behavior.   We would not say Jimmy was disrespectful, we would say Jimmy shouted at the teacher and called her an inappropriate racially charged term.  Finally, the consequence, or what happens after the behavior.   It is usually here that we look for the reinforcement: in other words, what Jimmy gets out of calling the teacher that bad name.   Is it attention from his peers?   Is it being sent to the office so he misses the spelling test?   Another scientist who significantly credited with developing ABA was Ivar Lovaas, a psychologist at the University of California Los Angeles.   His seminal work in applying behaviorism to children significantly disabled with autism led to what we now call ABA.   For many people, behaviorism seems overly mechanistic.   Human beings are value and meaning assigning creatures, and we would like to believe that there is some powerful underlying mystic about behaviorhence Freudianism.   Although it may seem simplistic, behaviorism may be the best way to strip away all our cultural prejudices and see behaviors as they are.   This is especially helpful with children with autism, who have difficulty with communication, appropriate social interaction, and language.   Moving to the three-term contingency helps us evaluate what we really see when we see a behavior.   So Jimmy tantrums?   What is the antecedent?   Does it cause it?   What does the behavior look like?   And finally, what happens when Jimmy tantrums?   ABA has proven to be an effective means to support appropriate social, functional and even academic behavior.   A special form of ABA, known as VBA or Verbal Behavioral Analysis, applies the tenets of ABA to language; hence Verbal Behavior. The BACB, or Behavior Analyst Certification Board, is the international organization that certifies professionals who design and create the therapies that are used, especially what are called Discrete Trials.   Discrete trials involve the stimulus, response, reinforcement three-term contingency mentioned above. The BACB also maintains a roster of local BCBAs who can provide services to children with autism. Also Known As: VBA, Lovaas

Tate Modern Museum - Poetry & Dream Wing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Tate Modern Museum - Poetry & Dream Wing - Essay Example hough the impressive ground-floor galleries are dedicated to the display of contemporary works, they read as modernist museum spaces.†2 This recognition indicates that the museum itself functions more than merely a space for hanging and featuring of art, but actively participates in the art creation process. This essay specifically examines the Tate Modern’s ‘Poetry and Dream’ wing within the context of a variety of evaluative criteria. In examining the Poetry and Dream wing, one recognizes the strong significance of the museum’s curator. Curators are accountable for the feel of Tate Modern Museum and the conceptual presentation of artworks within the wing. The architects in the wing must direct all the interpretations of the constructions they plan, not the artworks housed in them. Like every museum, they require to react and adapt to the numerous kinds of forces shaping the current world. Art museums nowadays face numerous challenges. The ideology and philosophy of the art museum nowadays consists of the implications of increased  internationalization. One considers that with the multi-varied artworks implemented in the Poetry and Dream wing reflect many of these concerns. The ‘Poetry and Dream’ gallery wing displays the exhibits thematically, rather than chronologically. Contemporary art is juxtaposed with modern. Though recently it has been re-ordered, it still retains most of the patterns in accordance with the thematic display. The present arrangements provide the viewer an idea of modern art transcending the contemporary, as different movements within art forms fill the transformation. Still, one considers Barker who argues that, â€Å"by isolating objects for purposes of aesthetic contemplation, it encourages the viewer to project on to them meanings and values that have no real basis in the objects themselves.†3 Although such ‘fetishism’ as he terms it is a danger of such analysis, this research ahs worked towards drawing tangible and

Psycology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Psycology - Essay Example But it is equally true that the familial environment within which the child grows significantly influences his physical and emotional well-being. Parenting and motherhood are intrinsically linked. Motherhood is the most rewarding role of women that they experience at different level of their life stage. The dynamics of motherhood is complex but its rewards vis-Ã  -vis development of their children into responsible and lovable person is highly cherished. Indeed the role of mother is paramount to the welfare of the children and lays the foundation of their character and value system which is reflected into their persona as an adult. At the same time the role of father in parenting cannot be discounted or reduced. It is the collective effort of the parents that gives a balance to the development processes of the child into a responsible adult. The challenge of bringing up a child is a continuous learning process with both the parents having significant role in the life of their children. While the father primarily provides the stability, discipline and sense of security, the mother provides the tender loving care. The joint efforts of the parents help the children to develop into happy and caring adults. Maternal bonding is more visible than paternal bonding mainly because while the father goes out to earn money, the mother nurtures the growing needs of the children at home. Mother not only spends more quality time with her children but she also becomes the major influence in her children’s lives and hence the common belief that parenting is more about maternal bonding. Father, on the other hand, helps inculcate the discipline in their lives and ensures financial, material and emotional support to make their life stress free and happy. Love and caring is a very strong factor in the development of the personalities and character of the child. In the environment of loving care and

Symbols of a Worn Path Essay Example for Free

Symbols of a Worn Path Essay Phoenix Jackson; an old negro woman that partakes on a journey to take medicine to her sick nephew that is off in another town. Phoenix is old and through the story there are many accounts that I think are symbolic to being of age. Being one with nature Phoenix Jackson is determined to travel through the forest to tend to her sick nephew. The story itself was full of symbols, some that where more noticeable then others. Phoenix’s face was said to look like a tree with burning glow under it. Pretty much saying she was one with nature, that she was in touch with the natural side of things. And her name is Phoenix which is the same name of the mythical Egyptian bird that lives for 500 years, and then dies but for 500 years it regenerates itself. Her name symbolizes in her old age she lives on. In her old age she is also in touch with nature as her tree trunk like face shows. There are many times she talks to the animals: â€Å"Out of my way, all you foxes, owls, beetles, jack rabbits, coons and wild animal! Keep out from under these feet, little bob-whites. Keep the big wild hogs out of my path. Don’t let none of those come running my direction. I got a long way†(1) as in touch she is with nature, there are many instances that the forest showed signs of death when she seen a buzzard sitting on a dead tree, then she seen a scare crow. That also represents death, but she ended up dancing with the scare crow like she was dancing around death. So far through the journey Phoenix came upon many different things. She even had a symbolic dream; which had her reaching for a marble cake from a young boy which symbolized her living for a longer period of time. It also had a simple reason, just her hallucinating because of old age. But along the way Phoenix came across a well that she drank from that meant longevity. A lot of the symbols in the story had to do with her age or death. Soon after she was done drinking from the spring, a black dog came at her growling which symbolizes death once again. She hit the dog and it ran away. After the encounter with the dog Phoenix stumbles in falls into a ditch. Where she douses off and has a dream of her reaching and nobody pulling her up. Which symbolizes God looking down at her but does not reach for her because it is not her time to go to Heaven. After she wakes up from her dream she gets out the ditch and comes across a white hunter with two growling dogs. In her whole Journey she had many encounters with symbols of death, but made it through the forest to get the medicine to her sick grandson. â€Å"Critical discussion of A Worn Path largely has been concerned with thematic interpretation of the work, particularly the storys racial, mythological, and Christian motifs.† (2) Sometimes even called a Christian pilgrimage, because of the times God is mentioned and how she is still holding on to life. And he going through that forest sacrificing herself could go back to the scarifies Jesus did. But even with those things in it, there were still symbols of the mythological creature. As Phoenix walked through the forest she struggled with bad vision and hallucinations but still made it to the hospital to help her grandson. â€Å"The combined effects of her old age, her poor vision, and her poetic view of the world heighten the lyricism and symbolism of the narrative.† (2) Which made the story more interesting to the readers. Every hardship had a different meaning, and brought her closer to her goal.

Motivating an Athletic Performer Essay -- Motivation Motiational Theor

This essay will include the different types of motivational theories. It will illustrate the different types of motivation and how each affects the performers in various ways. Positive and negative issues of the types of motivation will be discussed to determine which is the best method of motivation and why. It will also illustrate how these motivational theories are used to motivate a performer. This essay will be concluded by stating the best motivation method, and how a coach or teacher could use it in motivating a performer. Motivation can be described in various ways: (English Oxford Shorter Addition 1993) described motivation as being, "à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦The action or an act of motivating something or someone. The stimulus, incentive, motives for action towards a goal, resulting from psychological or social factors; the factors giving purpose or direction to behaviourà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦." (Kent 1994) described motivation as being, "à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ the internal state which tends to direct a person's behaviour towards a goalà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦." (Woods, 1998) described motivation as, "à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦motivation has been seen as having two aspects: it is what drives us to do thingsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦and it makes us do particular thingsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦." These various descriptions of motivation are putting across all of the same points. All three statements involve an inner drive to a specific goal. These goals are achieved through arousal and the direction of the athlete's behavior. There are various types of motivation such as intrinsic, extrinsic, primary, secondary, positive and negative motivation. Intrinsic motivation is a term used to describe the internal drives that allows the athlete to perform. Intr... ...rises the athletes to perform, creating a job like situation for the players. I believe that there is no best method of motivation a coach or teacher can use on a performer. This is because when you start a particular sport, you do it for fun, but gradually as you get better rewards begin to be offered. Thus resulting in the performers motivation coming more from extrinsic than intrinsic motivation. If the performer wins a competition it will have a positive affect on them intrinsically as well as extrinsically, as the performer will fell good about the reward as much as he feels good about how much effort was concerned in obtaining the reward. There has to be a balance, as if it is to extrinsically motivated their will be no enjoyment competing in the sport, therefore the performer will get bored and quit.

Part Five Chapter II

II ‘Brace yourself,' teased Howard Mollison at midday on Saturday. ‘Mum's about to post the results on the website. Want to wait and see it made public or shall I tell you now?' Miles turned away instinctively from Samantha, who was sitting opposite him at the island in the middle of the kitchen. They were having a last coffee before she and Libby set off for the station and the concert in London. With the handset pressed tightly to his ear, he said, ‘Go on.' ‘You won. Comfortably. Pretty much two to one over Wall.' Miles grinned at the kitchen door. ‘OK,' he said, keeping his voice as steady as he could. ‘Good to know.' ‘Hang on,' said Howard. ‘Mum wants a word.' ‘Well done, darling,' said Shirley gleefully. ‘Absolutely wonderful news. I knew you'd do it.' ‘Thanks, Mum,' said Miles. Those two words told Samantha everything, but she had resolved not to be scornful or sarcastic. Her band T-shirt was packed; she had had her hair done and she had bought new heels. She could hardly wait to leave. ‘Parish Councillor Mollison then, is it?' she said, when he had hung up. ‘That's right,' he said a little warily. ‘Congratulations,' she said. ‘It's going to be a real celebration tonight, then. I'm sorry I'm missing it, actually,' she lied, out of excitement at her imminent escape. Touched, Miles leaned forward and squeezed her hand. Libby appeared in the kitchen in tears. She was clutching her mobile in her hand. ‘What?' said Samantha, startled. ‘Please will you call Harriet's mum?' ‘Why?' ‘Please will you?' ‘But why, Libby?' ‘Because she wants to talk to you, because,' Libby wiped her eyes and nose on the back of her hand, ‘Harriet and I've had a big row. Please will you call her?' Samantha took the telephone through to the sitting room. She had only the haziest idea who this woman was. Since the girls had started at boarding school she had virtually no contact with their friends' parents. ‘I'm so desperately sorry to do this,' said Harriet's mother. ‘I told Harriet I'd speak to you, because I've been telling her it's not that Libby doesn't want her to go †¦ you know how close they are, and I hate seeing them like this †¦' Samantha checked her watch. They needed to leave in ten minutes at the latest. ‘Harriet's got it into her head that Libby had a spare ticket, but didn't want to take her. I've told her it's not true – you're taking the ticket because you don't want Libby going alone, aren't you?' ‘Well, naturally,' said Samantha, ‘she can't go alone.' ‘I knew it,' said the other woman. She sounded strangely triumphant. ‘And I absolutely understand your protectiveness, and I would never suggest it if I didn't think it would save you an awful lot of bother. It's just that the girls are so close – and Harriet's absolutely wild about this silly group – and I think, from what Libby's just told Harriet on the phone, that Libby's really desperate for her to go too. I totally understand why you want to keep an eye on Libby, but the thing is, my sister's taking her two girls, so there would be an adult there with them. I could drive Libby and Harriet up together this afternoon, we'd meet up with the others outside the stadium and we could all stay overnight at my sister's place. I absolutely guarantee that my sister or I will be with Libby at all times.' ‘Oh †¦ that's so kind. But my friend,' said Samantha, with a strange ringing in her ears, ‘is expecting us, you see †¦' ‘But if you still wanted to go and visit your friend †¦ all I'm saying is there's really no need for you to attend, is there, if somebody else is with the girls? †¦ And Harriet's absolutely desperate – really desperate – I wasn't going to get involved, but now it's putting a strain on their friendship †¦' Then, on a less gushing note, ‘We'd buy the ticket from you, of course.' There was nowhere to go, nowhere to hide. ‘Oh,' said Samantha. ‘Yes. I just thought it might be nice to go with her – ‘ ‘They'd much prefer to be with each other,' said Harriet's mother firmly. ‘And you won't have to crouch down and hide among all the little teenyboppers, ha ha – it's all right for my sister, she's only five foot two.'

Allergies and other type of immune hypersensitivities

Allergies and other type of immune hypersensitivities are important undesirable side effect of our immune system. These problems occur in people who have a specific allergic tendency. Anyone suffering from allergy can take comfort that there are over 50 million fellow American sufferers of this problem. Roughly one in 6 American is afflicted with allergic problem. Fortunately, in very few people allergic condition can become life threatening.In most allergy sufferers problems due to allergy appear to be trivial such as runny nose, sneezing, itchy eyes, sinus problem, rash and skin complaints but these otherwise minor problems can make the allergy sufferers lives quite miserable. Our immune system, essential for defending our bodies against foreign organisms, produces antibodies and activated white cells to attack invaders like viruses and bacteria. Occasionally, the immune response results in an inappropriate or exaggerated reaction called hypersensitivity. Hypersensitivity is classi fied into four types; Types I, II, III and IV.Types I to Type III hypersensitivities are antibody-mediated while Type IV is a cell mediated hypersensitivity. Type II & III are Immunoglobulin G (IgG) mediated while Type I sensitivity is Immunoglobulin E mediated. The term ‘Allergy’ is confined to IgE mediated reactions or Type I hypersensitivity [Levinson, 2004] . Immunoglobulin E (IgE) is our body’s host defense system against certain parasites such as worms. In developed countries, where parasitic infection is uncommon, most people have no or very low level of IgE.An allergic reaction or allergy occurs when our body’s immune system mistakenly considers a harmless substance, called ‘allergen’ as dangerous and starts producing IgE to trigger an allergic reaction [Levinson, 2004]. Types of Allergies Allergic Rhinitis: This type of allergy causes swelling of nasal mucosa with respiratory discomforts like sneezing and runny nose by inhaling allerg ens such as pollen, molds, dust, dander and other allergens. Allergic Conjunctivitis: The allergic reaction affects the eyes, redness and itching are the signs of this allergy. Bronchoconstriction:Wheezing and shortness of breath caused by narrowing of bronchial cavities. Asthma is a serious type of bronchoconstriction. This type of allergy is also caused dust, pollen, mites, and other allergens. Ear Allergies: The allergens affect ear passages causing pain and impairing hearing. Skin Allergies: Itchy rashes, blisters, hives, and contact dermatitis caused by touching certain substances such a poison ivy or food items are manifestation of this type of allergy. In allergies where swelling occurs as a result of hives, swelling can cause breathing and swallowing difficulties. Food Allergies:Certain kind of foods, such as fish egg, nuts and milk can cause intestinal upsets due to allergic reactions. Time Delayed Allergies: An allergic response appearing hours or days after application or absorption of an allergen; including contact dermatitis and bacterial allergy [Allergies, 2006] Anaphylaxis: This is the most severe systemic allergic reaction causing bronchoconstriction, swelling of body tissues, vomiting, cramps, skin reactions and drop in blood pressure, coma and even death [Guyton & Hall, 2006]. Allergy can also be classified on the basis of its effect and allergen as:? Respiratory Allergies ? Skin Allergies ? Food Allergies ? Asthma ? Drug Allergies ? Sting Allergies Causes & Risk Factors Problems with normal immune responses are believed to be the result of both genetic and environmental factors. Children of allergic parents are more likely to have similar allergies though the allergens may differ. [Allergies, 2006] Genetic research is leading scientists to believe that skin and tissue specific genes may be responsible for causing allergy symptoms [NIH, 2000]. Stress and anxiety are acknowledged a common cause of allergic reaction.[Lenzoff, 1997] subjected p atients suspected of multiple chemical sensitivities concluded that in some sufferers allergy symptoms might be triggered by their perception of an environmental insult. Increasing use of chemicals has resulted in introduction of new toxins into the atmosphere. The increase in number of allergy cases during the last decades is often attributed to atmospheric pollution [Bornehag et al, 2004]. Better identification of problem as allergy and not other minor condition such as cold is perhaps also responsible for increased numbers. Allergy or ColdA number of symptoms of common cold are also the symptoms of allergy. It is not unusual to mistake one for the other. The major difference between the cold and flu are [Allergy, 2006b]: – Both cold and allergy show the common symptoms of allergy but the cold is also accompanied by fever and pain. – Allergy begins immediately after exposure to the allergen while cold takes a day or more to develop to full strength. – Cold is a self terminating diseases and the symptoms disappear in 3 to 7 days while allergies continue till the person remains exposed to the allergen AllergensThe body’s immune system has the capability to attack a foreign organism. If it identifies a substance such as pollen as foreign, even mistakenly, the defense mechanism comes into action and IgE is produced to fight off that particular substance. Thus, there will be separate IgE for pollen and for dust allergies. There are many allergens as any person could be allergic to a common substance, which is not an allergen to others, but the common allergens include pollen and fungus from weeds, grasses. Trees and outdoor mold, dog and cat dander, dust particles, noxious vapors and smog, foods such as fish, eggs, nuts and insect bites.Signs & Symptoms In addition to the usual sneezing, runny nose, rashes allergy and red or itchy eyes symptoms include atopic dermatitis, contact dermatitis, headache, earache, hives, coughing, sinusitis , and other discussed above. Medical Tests & Diagnosis Methods/Tools The diagnostic tests for Allergy include: †¢ Skin Prick Test (SPT) †¢ Total IgE Test †¢ Range of Specific IgE Test †¢ Phadiatop Assay †¢ Specific IgE Pediatric Food Mix fx5 Skin Prick Test: Skin prick test is a common and simple method of diagnosing allergy.In this test small amount of suspected allergens are injected either intra-dermally or into the scratching made in the patient’s skin. Patient allergic to any of the allergen shows a visible inflammation after half an hour. Skin Prick Test (SPT) only responds to allergens used in the test. In cases where patient is allergic to any other allergen, this test will not show. Some patients with delayed type hypersensitivity may be adversely affected by the test. Total IgE Test: Patient serum IgE test is another method used for determining Type I hypersensitivity.The test provides useful indication for allergy. This test however is not considered conclusive. The test measures total IgE value and is said to be only to report existence of allergy 60% of the time [Labspec, 2006]. The extent of symptoms and type of allergy has an effect on the result. Severe skin allergy shows a higher IgE value than rhinitis or conjunctivitis. [Labspec, 2006] also point out that Standard IgE values appear to vary with ethnicity of the patient. Range of Specific IgE Test: Some diagnostic suppliers are manufacturing specific IgE test for allergens.Specific tests for over 400 allergens are available. Some of these specific tests have been approved for routine tests, other are awaiting approval. [Labspec, 2006] Phadiatop Assay: Instead of testing total IgE or specific test for a single allergen, this test tests serum for a wide range of inhalant allergens. The test is said to be 95% reliable and can be used to exclude allergens included in Phadiatop assay. Specific IgE Pediatric Food Mix fx5 His test is similar to Phadiatop Assay, but in stead of inhalant allergens, ingestant allergens are tested.This test is still in approval stages for general laboratory use. Treatment Options Many people with mild allergies avoid seeking medical help, but it is important to know that allergies if left untreated can develop into serious health problems like infections in sinuses, throat and ears, chronic respiratory problems, skin problems such as eczema. The treatment Options for allergies include: †¢ Avoid allergen environment and/or food †¢ Over the counter medication (histamines) †¢ Prescription drugs & nasal drops, †¢ Allergy shots †¢ Allergy Drops †¢ Immunotherapy †¢ Alternate TherapiesOnce a person knows the substance that causes allergy, the best treatment is to avoid that substance. However avoiding allergen is not always possible as it is not possible to breathe. Food allergens can be easily avoided [When Should I Get Medical Treatment for Allergy, 2006] . In a very large number of case s of mild allergy over the counter medication is all one needs to relieve the symptoms. It is important to consult a doctor for over the counter medicine too, as some of these medicines if used excessively can cause serious side effects. Most of the histamines cause drowsiness.Antihistamines and decongestants relieve the symptoms of most allergy sufferers. Again, a physician’s advice should be sought. Many new antihistamines relieve the symptoms of allergy without causing drowsiness. In sinus congestion, nasal sprays available on prescription provide quick relief from symptoms of allergy. Allergy shots prevent the allergen from being recognized as a foreign body. This treatment is becoming very popular. Sublingual drops also known as sublingual Immunotherapy (SLIT) is an alternate to allergy shots and has the same principle of desensitization.Oral application of SLIT is also considered convenient by the patients. Those interested in alternative medicine often recommend severa l alternate therapies. Dietary supplements are said to increase health of immune system and prevent allergies. The other alternative medicines are beyond the scope of this paper. [Allergies, 2006a] provides several references to alternative treatment websites. Anaphylaxis must be considered a medical emergency and immediate medical help must be sought as it can cause low blood pressure, hyper-constriction, coma and even death.Prevention Methods The best prevention is to avoid the allergen responsible for causing the allergy. Cross the counter medicine approved by a patients physician may also be used before coming into contact with allergens. In view of the number of sufferers, various equipments such as vacuum cleaners, humidifiers, beddings and air purifiers are available in the market to control domestic allergens. A physician may be able to advice about prevention methods about other specific allergies. Bibliography 1.Allergies, (2006a), Alternative Allergy Treatment Options, [O nline], retrieved from Internet on 10 January 2007, http://allergies. about. com/od/alternatives/Alternative_Allergy_Treatment_Options. htm 2. Allergies, (2006b), [Online], retrieved from Internet on 10 January 2007, http://www. med-help. net/Allergies. html 3. Allergy, (2006), What is Allergy, [Online], retrieved from Internet on 10 January 2007, http://www. setel. com/~allergy/Products/allergy 4. Bornehag C, Sundell J, Weschler C, Sigsgaard T, Lundgren B, Hasselgren M, Hagerhed-Engman L (2004).â€Å"The association between asthma and allergic symptoms in children and phthalates in house dust: a nested case-control study. † Environ Health Perspective 112 (14): 1393-7. 5. Guyton, AC, and Hall, JE, (2006), Textbook of Medical Physiology-11th Edition, Published by Elsevier, Pa. , ISBN 13-81-8147-920-3 6. LabSpec, Allergy Diagnostic Tests, (2006) [Online], retrieved from Internet on 10 January 2007, http://www. labspec. co. za/diag. htm 7. Levinson, W. , (2004), Medical Microbio logy & Immunology, 8th Edition, McGraw Hill Companies, ISBN 0-07-143199-3 8. Leznoff. A., (1999), Provocative challenges in patients with multiple chemical sensitivity, J Allergy Clin Immunol 1997 Apr; 99 (4):438-42 9. NIH- National Institute of Health/ National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), (2000), International Team Accelerates Investigation of Immune-Related Genes, [Online], retrieved from Internet on 10 January 2007, http://www3. niaid. nih. gov/news/newsreleases/2000/ihwg. htm 10. When Should I Get Medical Treatment for Allergies? , (2006) [Online], retrieved from Internet on 10 January 2007, http://health. howstuffworks. com/allergy-treatments-ga1. htm

Gross Anatomy Lab Report Essays

Gross Anatomy Lab Report Essays Gross Anatomy Lab Report Paper Gross Anatomy Lab Report Paper Exercise 1: Muscles of the Head and Neck Data Table 1 Movement(s) performed by each muscle for Figures 3: Deltoid I Example: Abducts the arm I Frontally I Elevates eyebrows, draws scalp temporal Elevator Scapulae Extension of neck, Elevation and Rotation of Scapulae I Masters Elevation of mandible Vocabularies resiliences mouth, closes lips, protrudes lips Occipital I Retracts scalp, fixes gale penetration so frontally can act eyebrows. Orbicular calculi Sphincter of the eyelids, closes eyes for blinking, squinting and sleep; aids in flow of tears across eyes. Plasterboards lower lip and angle of mouth downward; aids in opening mouth widely. Supplies capitals Pillion and rotation of head, extend the head bilaterally Extraterritoriality Tilts head upward, Spirituality I Abducts the arm I Trapezium Abducts the scapulae Symptomatic Draws mouth upward and elevates upper lip Questions: A. List a muscle shown in Figures 3 and 4 that are prime movers/Zionists tort pivoting the head, The prime movers for pivoting the head are the trapeziums. B. List one prime mover/agonies for extension of the head. The prime mover/agonies for extension of the head is the sadomasochistic. C List one muscle that is the prime mover/agonies for depression of the mandible and list one muscle that is the antagonist for depression of the mandible. The one muscle that is the prime mover for the mandible is the masters. D. List one muscle that is a prime mover for smiling. The one muscle that is a prime mover for smiling is the masters. E. List one muscle that raises purr eyebrow as if you were questioning what someone said. The one muscle that raises your eyebrow is the orbicular occult. Exercise 2: Muscles of the Trunk Data Table 2 Movement(s) performed by each muscle for Figures 5 through 7. Delicatessens the arm External intercessor muscles I Elevates ribs, expands thoracic cavity I External oblique Flexing tooth trunk Infiltrations Externally rotates the arm Internal intercessor muscles I Elevates ribs, depresses and retracts the ribs, compresses thoracic cavity I Ultimatums doors I Adducts humdrum, extends shoulder I Pectorals major Adducts, flexes and extends the arm Pectorals minor Depresses the scapulae Erects abdominal (under fascia) I Flexes lumbar region of vertebral column, producing bending at the waist. : I Rhomboid major Retracts scapula, fixes scapula during arm reenactments Rhomboid minor Retracts scapula, fixes scapula during arm movements Serrated internationalization and upward rotation Of the shoulder I Serrated posterior Elevates the ribs, rotates the trunk Spiritualists Internally rotates the arm Spirituality I Adducts the arm I Trees major Flexes and rotates the arm Trapezium I Moves the Scapula and supports the arm QUESTIONS A. List one muscle shown in Figures 5 through 7 that is a prime mover/agonies for adducting the arms. The muscles that are the prime movers tort adducting the arms are the trees major and minor. B. List one shoulder muscle that abducts the arm. One shoulder muscle that abducts the arm is the deltoids. C. Which muscle is the prime mover for shoulder flexing (upper arm moving toward the ear)? The muscle that is the prime mover for shoulder flexing is the rhomboids major and minor. D. List one antagonist for shoulder flexing. One antagonist for the should flexing is the sadomasochistic. E. What are the muscles between the ribs called? What do they do? The muscles between the ribs are called Serrated Anterior. They are responsible for protecting, stabilizing and moving the scapula. Exercise 3: Muscles of the upper Body Data Table 3 Movement(s) performed by each muscle for Figures 8-10. Ancones Extends elbow Biceps brachia I Flexing of the elbow and shoulder I Brachia I Flexing tot the elbow Aphrodisiacs Hexes elbow Acrobatically Flexes and horizontally the arm I Extensor Carpi radials longs Extends and Adducts the wrists Extensor Carpi radials brevets I Extensor digitized communism Extends the wrists Flexed Carpi radials Flexing and adducts the wrists Pollex Carpi lanais Flexing and Adducts the wrists InfraspinatuslModulates deltoid, rotates humeral Palmist longs Flexing of the Mist I Pronto trees Flexes elbow Trees minor Rotates hummers laterally Triceps brainlessness elbow, extends and adducts hummers A. List three agonies muscles that flex the elbow. Three agonies muscles that flex the elbow are the brachia, aphrodisiacs, and Pronto trees. B. List one antagonist for elbow flexing. An antagonist for elbow flexing is the triceps brachia. C. List two muscles that flex the wrist and allow a human to make a fist, Two muscles that flex the wrist and allow a human to make a fist are the Flexed Carpi Aralias and Flexed Carpi Lanais. D. List two muscles that allow extension of the purist and flaring of the fingers. Two muscles that allow extension of the wrist and flaring of the fingers are the extensor digit minim and extensor Carpi lanais_ E. List one muscle that allows suppuration of the hand and one muscle that allows probation of the hand. A muscle that allows suppuration of the hand is the suppuration muscle and one muscle that allows probation Of the hand is the pronto trees- Exercise 4: Muscles of the O. re Body Data Table 4 Movement(s) performed by each muscle for Figures 11-12. Adductor longs Adducts and flexes the hip Biceps femoral I Extension at the hip, flexing at the kneel Gastroenteritis Flexing of the kneel Glutens maximums Extension, External rotation, Adduction at this hip Glutens modularization and External Rotation at the hip. Glutens minimums Adduction and Internal Rotation at the hip, Grails Hexes and medially rotates tibia at kneel pestilence Hexes and adducts thigh I Promises Laterally rotates extended thigh, adducts flexed thigh Soak major Hexes thigh at hip, flexes trunk at hip Soak minor Flexes thigh at hip, flexes trunk at hip Quadrates femoral Laterally rotates thigh Quadrates lumbar Flexes the trunk Erects femoral Flexing of the hip and Extension of the kneel Sertorius I Pillion, External rotation and adduction at the hip Contemporaneous Extension of the Hip, Pillion of the kneel Sententiously Extension and internal rotation of the hip Coleus I Plantar flexes foot Tensor fascia late Extends knee, rotates tibia, abducts femur I Tibias anterior Directories and inverts foot Vistas laterals I Extension of the kneel Vistas medially Extension Of the kneel A. List one muscle that performed extension of the hip, The muscle that performed extension of the hip is the erects femoral. . Which muscle extends the knee and flexes the thigh? The muscle that extends the knee and flexes the thigh is the gastroenteritis, C. List one muscle that dormitories the toot. The muscle that directories the foot is the tibias anterior. D. Which three muscles extend the thigh and flex the knee? The three muscles that extend the thigh and flex the knee are the Erects femoral, status laterals and status medially. E. List three muscles that abduct the leg. Three muscles that abduct the leg are the glutens maximum, glutens minimums and the glutens mediums. Overview: Prepare tables similar to Data Tables 5 and 6 below to record your observations. Label F-usuries 13 and 14 in Data Tables 5 and 6. Figure 13 Anterior muscles of the human body Number Muscle I I Deltoid 21 Ultimatums Doors I 31 Pectorals Major 41 Biceps brachia 51 Brachia I 51 Aphrodisiacs I 71 Erects abdominal 81 Pronto trees gal. External oblique III Quadrates lumbar II I Adductor longs 121 Erects femoral 131 Tibias anterior Figure 14 Posterior muscles of the human body 1 Extraterritorialitys 21 trapezium 31 Rhomboids Major 41 Deltoid I 51 trees minor 61 triceps I 71 fellers of the hand 1 external oblique 91 glutens maximums Icily Biceps femoral 11 Semi tendentious 121 abductor magnums penitentiaries 14 stratospheric I Exercise 5: Identification and Dissection of Cat Muscles Match the muscles on the left with its function or description on the right C 1. Pectorals Major A. Extends the leg _ D _ 2. Aphrodisiacs B. Flexes the foot _l_ 3. Myeloid C. Adducts the arm -_A_ 4, Vistas Laterals D. Supplicates the hand H 5. Coleus E.

People who contribute to social security should have the right to Essay

People who contribute to social security should have the right to choose how their money is invested - Essay Example Neither is social security a financially secure program as the office itself has a problem collating funds in order to fund itself. The program is basically bankrupt. Knowing that social security is in dire straights due to the U.S. economy, one cannot help but wonder, maybe the system will be better off if it is privatized and the members are given the opportunity to invest the money they contribute to the system themselves? With the annual return of social security contributions pegged at about 1.2. % this means that is has the lowest ROI prediction of all the retirement investments of an individual. The expected ROI from the stock market averages 6.34 %. As such, if a social security account is converted into a private account, the FICA taxes could give a maximum return on the investment upon the retirement of the member. The social security system would then actually be in a position to help supplement the retirees income in a significant manner. (â€Å"Should Social Security be Privatized?†). ... y accounts were privatized by allowing individuals to have their own private accounts, the member will be able to maximize the full potential of his membership with the system. Keep in mind that when the Social Security Act was set into place by congress back in 1935, Pres. Franklin Roosevelt signed a document that merely stated that the program would provide old-age benefits for its members. This was amended in 1956 to include disability benefits for its members (Agresti James, & Cordone Stephen â€Å"Social Security Facts†). The structure by which the program is created shows that the system is not in the control of the members, but rather in the hands of politicians who have the ability to format and reformat the program as they deem fit. To be clear (Tamny, John, â€Å"The Ugly Truth About Social Security is Revealed†): ... the money we pay into Social Security is not ours, meaning politicians can reduce or confiscate the dollars withheld from our paychecks as they see fit. They can also reduce our retirement by simply raising the retirement age. And then as evidenced by the collapse of the dollar since 2001 (a dollar in ’01 bought 1/250th of an ounce of gold, today it buys 1/1600th), another way they can eviscerate their obligations is to debase the dollars they are presumed to owe. Our politicians are not currently in the position to invest our hard earned dollars in any system that is meant to help alleviate the lives of the people. It was too much governance in the financial aspect of individual lives that brought us to this point in this first place. The government has shown us that they cannot even work together to put together a cohesive budget for our country, how can we trust them to develop a cohesive investment plan for the future and current retirees of

Service Market Liberalization Research Proposal

Service Market Liberalization - Research Proposal Example The proposal was rejected in March 2005 and caused a major setback for the SMP process. A possible reason for rejection was the coincidence of the proposal with the accession of ten new member states giving rise to labor immigration fears. In 2006, an amended version of the Services Directive was agreed upon to be implemented in 2010 (EC 2006). In the 1990s labor growth in the European services sector decreased in comparison with the 1980s and the United states of America (USA) (European Central Bank 2006). One reason to the decrease in growth is the slow implementation of Information Communication Technology (ICT) services as pointed out by O'Mahony et al. (2003). Bilateral trade and foreign investment in services in an open market would stimulate competition and foster innovation which would diminish the gap with the US. Liberalization of services is still considered by many as a zero-sum-game where some countries win while others lose. The notion of liberalization of services gives rise to fears from open market competition and survival of local services. This research focuses on the effect of service market liberalization and the expected increase in market competition on the economies of the lesser developed European countries in Central and Eastern Europe. The better understanding of the effect of liberalization of services on the lesser developed countries in Central... The question is whether an open market for services in Europe would increase competition and productivity in the central and eastern European countries. 2. Research Problem 2.1 Research Problem Description Liberalization of services is still considered by many as a zero-sum-game where some countries win while others lose. The notion of liberalization of services gives rise to fears from open market competition and survival of local services. This research focuses on the effect of service market liberalization and the expected increase in market competition on the economies of the lesser developed European countries in Central and Eastern Europe. 2.2 Significance and Contribution of the Research Problem The better understanding of the effect of liberalization of services on the lesser developed countries in Central and Eastern Europe would convince politicians towards legislation of required directives to disrupt barriers to trade of services and create an open service market. 2.3 Delimitation and Assumptions of the Problem Research is limited to the effect of liberalization of services in Central and Eastern European countries only. Only the economies of these countries are evaluated towards their reaction to services liberalization. Liberalization of other trade products is not considered. 2.4 Research Objective This research aims at achieving the following research objectives: To conduct an in-depth investigation and analysis of the currently available studies and theories that predict and estimate the effect of services liberalization in developed and less developed economies. Examine the statistical data of Central and Eastern Countries of trade in services and their relationship to different acts of

Environmental and Access Issues in Outdoor Adventure Essay

Environmental and Access Issues in Outdoor Adventure - Essay Example Human interest in nature, as recorded back in history, helped in discovering many wonderful facts. We have discovered many natural processes which we were unaware of in the past. Yet a lot has to be discovered. Researchers gave their valuable time and lives for the sake of the facts about nature. They tried harder and harder to be as close to the nature as they can. And they are noticeably successful. They provided us with the knowledge of environmental change. They gave us information about the unpredictable weather changes and tried to solve this and many other issues like to measure the intensity of natural disasters etc. The questions arise, how did they find out such problems What made them think about these problems Did they find any solution What problems did they face while researching A person who asks these questions is a researcher. The curiosity to find out the answers led them to eradicate the hurdles in their way. They had an aim to come up with something new, some new ideas, information, data or discovery. There are many environmental issues to be solved and to protect the natural resources in the world as these natural resources after a time will vanish from the world. ... Many people endanger their lives due to lack of knowledge and proper guidance. We lose many priceless lives due to these issues. Due to insufficient facilities mountain climbers are not able to avail the opportunity to climb on the mountains. The adventure lovers are crazy about the mountain climbing. Due to insufficient sources and guidance, they harm themselves and also develop a fear among other students and tourists. In the under developing countries like Pakistan, Ukraine Afghanistan etc mountains are not preserved properly. This is a major factor that should be reviewed as the tourists who come to visit these places can give harm to these places. The forts in these countries are not conserved appropriately. No authority is available to protect them from the people and weather changes. No material is available to make them strong enough to bear the weather dangers. In these countries, there is also a great threat posed to the wild life as even now the hunters may come and hunt animals. This is causing a great harm to the wildlife. Laws must be passed and followed to avoid these threats. The weather of many untouched places is not bearable for human. This is being the cause of many natural secrets unrevealed. Global warming leads to many problems. Due to the pollution in the society this is becoming an alarming problem which needs to be solved. In winters the weather of a certain place rises to such a level that the tourists can face difficulties. In summer, the weather of certain places gets too warm that it becomes difficult for them to reach the camp everyday. No proper shelter is available for the people visiting those places. Once they reach the place, it becomes difficult for them

If the Earth Were a Village Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

If the Earth Were a Village - Essay Example In terms of my racial background and how it has affected my social life, I had always thought that race didn’t hold much sway in constructing who I am, but I would be naà ¯ve if I didn’t believe that this influences other peoples opinions of me. It is the case that in this society many people still view race as an important indicator of social status. Whilst it does not matter to me I cannot say with certain it has not affected how others think of me. In terms of how my religious background has affected my life, it is the case that this has exposed me to a number of people in my social circle. As I had regularly attended mass and many after church services, I have met many people who I generally consider to share many of the same values as myself. Furthermore through catechism I have met many friends who come from very different backgrounds but also share many of the same values as me. In this regard I feel I have been very lucky with meeting lots of friendly people throughout my life. However in many respects this could be considered troublesome insofar as through these outlets I have really only been exposed to people with similar vales as myself, and with an increasingly multicultural society I can definitely see the value in meeting more people from different backgrounds with different values.

Network Microwave Link

Network Microwave Link Microwave Communications Link Design And Implementation Gert Brits AbstractInternet and network access from any location is a requirement in most businesses around the world today. This paper outlines the procedure necessary to plan, install and commission a 5.8 GHz un-licensed point-to-point microwave link. The link will serve as a connection between two office buildings to provide internet and network access to the employees. The planning stages of the project presents the various environmental influences on a microwave link, as well as the considerations that must be made to select the appropriate sites, hardware and configuration settings for the link. These parameters are used to calculate the expected performance data and install a microwave link that would operate reliably at five nines (99.999%) of availability. Index Termsattenuation, losses, fading, line-of-site, received signal level, Introduction DIGITAL microwave systems are used all over the world for a wide variety of applications. The majority is point-to-point systems; a single link connecting two sites together. For most businesses, having access to the local area network and the internet is essential. The challenge for many is the occupation of more than one office building and how multiple buildings can gain access to the same network. Harris Stratex Networks (HSTX) in San Jose, California occupies an office building in San Jose as well as an equipment warehouse in Milpitas, two miles from the office building. Since the company manufactures digital point-to-point microwave radios and has access to such equipment, an effective method was researched to utilize a point-to-point radio link as a connection between the two buildings. The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate how a digital point-to-point microwave link can be used to link two office buildings together, in this case the main office building of HSTX in San Jose and the warehouse in Milpitas, and provide internet and local area network access to the employees at the warehouse. The various aspects involved in the design, installation and commissioning of a digital point-to-point microwave system is described to highlight the procedures and planning required from microwave engineering before, during and after a microwave link is installed. attenuating influences on a microwave link Almost all components involved in a microwave link will cause the signal to be attenuated at some stage during transmission. In microwave engineering, attenuation plays a major role in the design and planning of such a link to ensure reliability and availability regardless of the surrounding conditions. Whether its in the cables, connectors, antennas or free space; attenuation on a link can not be avoided and provision needs to be made, during the design stage, for the degree of expected attenuation to occur. Propagation losses Propagation losses such as attenuation caused by reflection, free space losses, attenuation caused by rain and by atmospheric gasses have a negative influence on a microwave link. Reflection Line-of-Sight Microwave links are designed to have enough clearance over any object or terrain along the path to avoid the signal grazing or scraping across obstacles. The Fresnel zone is known as the area around the visual line-of-sight that radio waves spread out into after they leave the antenna [1] and where obstacles would cause in phase or out of phase reflection of the radio wave. This area must be clear of any obstructions to avoid an undesired affect on signal strength. Fig. 1 illustrates the typical Fresnel zones associated with a microwave link. Microwave signals which are reflected or refracted could lead to multiple copies of the same transmitted signal to arrive at the receiving antenna at different times and out of phase. The reflected and refracted signals will experience differences in attenuation, delay and phase shifts which will result in either constructive (amplifying the signal) or destructive (attenuating the signal) interference. There are an infinite number of Fresnel zones. Obstacles in the first Fresnel zone will create signals that will be 0 to 90 degrees out of phase. The second Fresnel zone will cause signals to be 90 to 270 degrees out of phase. In the third, the signals will be 270 to 450 degrees out of phase and so forth. Odd numbered zones (1, 3, 5 etc.) have a negative effect on the signal power while even numbered zones have a positive effect since these signals actually add to the signal power. The phase canceling effect is strongest in zone 1 and decreases in each successive zone, hence the need to eliminate as many obstacles from the first zone as possible. These clearance requirements also include the sides of the path and not only the top and bottom. Free space loss Free space loss is defined as the loss that would obtain between two isotropic antennas in free space, where there are no ground influences or obstructions [2]; in other words, the loss where no obstacles nearby can cause blocking, refraction, diffraction or absorption. This loss increases with an increase in frequency and distance and the formula for calculating free space loss [3] using the frequency of operation (f) and the distance (in miles) between the two antennas (D) is given by: (1) Attenuation caused by atmospheric gasses Attenuation caused by atmospheric gases is mainly caused by oxygen and water vapor in the air. The small amount of attenuation caused by oxygen stays relatively constant across all operating frequency bands. Attenuation caused by water vapor absorption however is highly dependent on the frequency of operation as well as the density of the water vapor and will have a deep impact on the links operating above 14 GHz. Attenuation caused by rain Furthermore, fading can be the distortion a microwave signal experiences due to changes in the atmosphere or rain. The total amount of rain that falls is not as important as the intensity of the rainfall. For example, an area which gets lite rain for most of the year would be less affected by rain attenuation than an area that gets a storm of rain during the rainy season, even for a short period of time. Microwave links operating below 8 GHz remain largely unaffected by rain attenuation but at 10 GHz and above, rain has a big impact on the networks reliability. Availability for modern day high reliability systems varies. The annual outage objective for high reliability systems could be as little as 0.01% to 0.0001% of the total operating time which translates to 53 minutes of down time per year for 99.99% reliability and only 30 seconds of downtime per year for 99.9999% reliability. Fading can degrade the bit error rate (BER) performance of a microwave link resulting in loss of data. Parameters such as the radio frequency, path length, humidity, temperature, smoothness of the terrain, calmness of the wind, fog and the number of thunderstorms per year can all increase the probability of fading. Branching losses Branching losses are introduced by the hardware used to carry the microwave signal and is generally specified by the equipment manufacturer. Other losses Other losses associated with a microwave link include losses from feeders, connectors, antennas, radomes and TX line losses. These losses are specified by the manufacturers at different frequencies of operation. Microwave link Planning Sufficient microwave path engineering ensures a link performs according to the requirements set by the owner or user. In a perfect world, any microwave beam would travel in a straight line from start to finish. In reality however, everything surrounding the microwave beam and equipment can cause the signal to be attenuated, amplified or interfered with. The challenge for any microwave engineer is to know what these factors are and how to design around it. Site selection An essential part of planning a microwave link is the selection of appropriate sites. The office and warehouse roof of HSTX provided a line of sight which was clear of any surrounding buildings and obstructions that could block or cause the microwave signal to be diffracted. There was no possibility of additional floors being added to either of the two buildings and the absence of other towers and microwave systems in the area, which could interfere with this link, made these sites ideal for the antenna installation. In addition to this, the sites already had access roads, ac power and telephone services which were other requirements considered when choosing the appropriate sites. Frequency and equipment selection Industry standards and licensing for microwave radios are, in the USA, governed by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC). Radios operating in the license-free 2.4 GHz and 5.8 GHz bands are considered un-licensed radios and require no licensing from any governing body. Un-licensed radios, such as the Velox LE 5850 manufactured by Harris Stratex Networks, can be installed and operated without any approval from the FCC. The Velox 5850 series is capable of providing up to 45 Mbps of Ethernet throughput (Full-duplex) which was sufficient for the purpose of this link. The output power of the radio can be software adjusted up to +22 dBm and with a receiver sensitivity of -78 dBm; enough fade margin can be achieved to ensure link availability of 99.999%. The radio hardware is available in a split-mount configuration; a radio frequency unit (RFU) which is connected to a digital unit (DU) using shielded CAT5e cable. The RFU is installed on the tower or mounted below the antenna and the DU is installed inside an equipment building or enclosure. Management software to configure the radio and monitor the performance of the radio link is available for this product. A 4.940-5.580 GHz Grid Antenna (model no GS2-58N), manufactured by mWAVE Industries, LLC was selected for the project. The antenna provided a gain of +27 dBi, a VSWR of 1.5:1, a return loss of 14 dB and could be mounted for horizontal or vertical polarization as illustrated in Fig. 2. Microwave link calculations The microwave link design was started by doing a link budget analysis; a calculation that involves all the gains and losses associated with the antennas, cables, connectors, radio hardware and environment. The link budget was used to determine the expected received signal levels at each end of the link. Once this has been done, minor adjustments were made to the sites and hardware selections to achieve the desired link availability. Path calculations The receiver threshold value is a measure of the lowest possible signal level the radio can receive and still operate at an acceptable level of performance. This level was specified by the equipment manufacturer as -78 dBm. The difference between the received signal level and the receiver threshold indicates the fade margin (the amount of fading a microwave radio can experience before having the signal degraded enough to cause BER errors or framing errors) of the link. To calculate the expected receive signal level and the fade margin, the propagation losses, branching losses and other losses had to be subtracted from the radio output power and antenna gain. The attenuation caused by atmospheric gasses for links below 14 GHz was negligible. The free space loss given by (1) and therefore the total propagation loss was calculated as 114.32 dB. Transmit and receive branching losses associated with the Velox 5850 radio was specified by the equipment manufacturer as 1.5 dB respectively. Other losses, all of which were specified by the various manufacturers, included the TX line losses of 3.72 dB (1.24 dB per 100ft of cable used) for each site and an N-Type connector loss of 0.3 dB per connector (four connectors used). Output Power = + 22 dBm TX Branching Loss = 1.5 dBm Antenna Gain = + 27 dBm Propagation Losses = 114.341 dBm Other Losses = 8.34 dBm Antenna Gain = + 27 dBm RX Branching Los = 1.5 dBm Received Power = 49.68 dBm Receiver Threshold = 78 dBm Fade Margin = + 28.32 dB Fading and interference calculations The amount of attenuation expected on the link due to rain was calculated using the formula in (2)[4], where R0.01% represents the rain rate exceeded 0.01% of the time in mm/hour and D the path length in kilometers. Multiplier a and exponent b are values taken from the North American and ITU-R rain attenuation coefficients chart, while d represents the effective path length in kilometers. The link operating at 5.8 GHz over two miles can thus expect 0.106 dB of additional attenuation during the heaviest rainfall. (2) The possibility of the radio signal being diffracted was investigated by observing the structures surrounding the microwave beam and calculating the first and second Fresnel zones using (3)[5]. The distance from the antenna to any possible obstruction is given by d1 while d2 represents the remaining distance to the other end of the link. (3) Since the Fresnel zones consist of a series of concentric circles, the areas to the side, above and below the microwave beam had to be clear of obstructions. The height of the two buildings where the antennas were to be installed provided enough clearance to ensure no obstructions within the first two Fresnel zones. With a mere 0.106 dB of additional attenuation from rain and no possibility of the signal being diffracted or reflected, only 3 dB of variation on the calculated receive level was expected. The 3 dB of variation is due to component tolerance and is specified by the equipment manufacturer. Microwave link installation The antenna and radio frequency unit were installed on a mounting pole on the roof of both buildings, in accordance with the manufacturers recommended installation procedures. A high quality 5/8 coaxial cable was used to connect the antenna to the RFU. The digital units were installed in 19 racks inside the buildings while Belden 7921A Shielded CAT5e cable was used to connect the DU to the RFU. All the hardware was grounded to the various grounding points at the sites and the recommended impedance of less than one ohm measured on all ground connections. The antennas were aligned using a digital voltmeter connected to the back of each RFU. The DC voltage reading from the voltmeter was compared to the received signal level (RSL) chart shown in Fig. 3 [6] which was supplied by the radio manufacturer. [1] Fresnel Zone http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/F/Fresnel_Zone.htm [16 June 2000] [2], [4]-[5] GTE Lenkurt. 1970. Engineering Considerations for Microwave Communications Systems [3] Harvey Lehpamer. 2004. Microwave Transmission Network:, Planning, Design and Deployment [6] Harris Stratex Networks. July 2004. Velox LE Installation and Operation Manual.

Anabolic Steroids Essay -- Drugs Veterinarian Biochemistry Essays

Anabolic Steroids Of the diagnostic methods available to veterinarians, the clinical chemistry test has developed into a valuable aid for localizing pathologic conditions. This test is actually a collection of specially selected individual tests. With just a small amount of whole blood or serum, many body systems can be analyzed. Some of the more common screenings give information about the function of the kidneys, liver, and pancreas and about muscle and bone disease. There are many blood chemistry tests available to doctors. This paper covers the some of the more common tests. Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) is an end-product of protein metabolism. Like most of the other molecules in the body, amino acids are constantly renewed. In the course of this turnover, they may undergo deamination, the removal of the amino group. Deamination, which takes place principally in the liver, results in the formation of ammonia. In the liver, the ammonia is quickly converted to urea, which is relatively nontoxic, and is then released into the bloodstream. In the blood, it is readily removed through the kidneys and excreted in the urine. Any disease or condition that reduces glomerular filtration or increases protein catabolism results in elevated BUN levels. Creatinine is another indicator of kidney function. Creatinine is a waste product derived from creatine. It is freely filtered by the glomerulus and blood levels are useful for estimating glomerular filtration rate. Muscle tissue contains phosphocreatinine which is converted to creatinine by a nonenzymatic process. This spontaneous degradation occurs at a rather consistent rate (Merck, 1991). Causes of increases of both BUN and creatinine can be divided into three major categoriesprerenal, renal, and postrenal. Prerenal causes include heart disease, hypoadrenocorticism and shock. Postrenal causes include urethral obstruction or lacerations of the ureter, bladder, or urethra. True renal disease from glomerular, tubular, or interstitial dysfunction raises BUN and creatinine levels when over 70% of the nephrons become nonfunctional (Sodikoff, 1995). Glucose is a primary energy source for living organisms. The glucose level in blood is normally controlled to within narrow limits. Inadequate or excessive amounts of glucose or the inability to metabolize glucose can affect nearly every system in the body. Low blood gl... ...ecomes less invasive to the patient. The more information that is made available to the doctor allows a faster diagnosis and recovery for the patient. Bibliography Barrie, Joan and Timothy D. G. Watson. â€Å"Hyperlipidemia.† Current Veterinary Therapy XII. Ed. John Bonagura. PhiladelphiaW. B. Saunders, 1995. Bistner, Stephen l. Kirk and Bistner’s Handbook of Veterinary Procedures and Emergency Treatment. PhiladelphiaW. B. Saunders, 1995. de Morais, HSA and William W. Muir. â€Å"Strong Ions and Acid-Base Disorders.† Current Veterinary Therapy XII. Ed. John Bonagura. PhiladelphiaW. B. Saunders, 1995. Fraser, Clarence M., ed. The Merck Veterinary Manual, Seventh Edition. Rahway, N. J.Merck & Co., 1991. Garrett, Reginald H. and Charles Grisham. Biochemistry. Fort WorthSaunders College Publishing, 1995. Lehninger, Albert, David Nelson and Michael Cox. Principles of Biochemistry. New YorkWorth Publishers, 1993. Schmidt-Nielsen, Knut. Animal PhysiologyAdaptation and environment. New YorkCambridge University Press, 1995. Sodikoff, Charles. Labratory Profiles of Small Animal Diseases. Santa BarbaraAmerican Veterinary Publications, 1995.

Principles of supporting change in a business environment Essay

Unit four: Principles of supporting change in a business environment Assessment You should use this file to complete your Assessment. †¢ The first thing you need to do is save a copy of this document, either onto your computer or a disk †¢ Then work through your Assessment, remembering to save your work regularly †¢ When you’ve finished, print out a copy to keep for reference †¢ Then, go to www.vision2learn.com and send your completed Assessment to your tutor via your My Study area – make sure it is clearly marked with your name, the course title and the Unit and Assessment number. Please note that this Assessment document has 3 pages and is made up of 3 Sections. Name: MARIUS LUCIAN DAN Section 1 – Understand why change happens in a business environment 1. Explain why change happens in a business environment. You should include at least three reasons in your answer. In today business world the only things that is consistent is â€Å"change†. Change is natural and essential in a business. The change can came from inside or from outside the business. When external driving forces influence the business we have reactive changes and when internal forces affects the business we call them proactive changes. External driving forces are those kind of things, situation, events that occur outside of the company and are by and large beyond of the control of the business. Examples of external driving forces are: financial crises, changing government lows and regulations, political interference, competitions etc. Examples of internal driving forces which can create proactive changes are: upgrading the office software, introducing new technology, launching a new product on the market etc. The reasons for change can be: political (changes in government and government policy); economic (economic growth, interest rates, level of unemployment); social (changes such as ageing population, cultural issues such as attitudes to work, health, religion); technological; legal; environmental (effects of global warming, concerns over protecting the environment). Whatever are internal or external forces, one thing is certain: the change will occur. A business must adapt to all this changes, be flexible and willing to respond to them in appropriate way. Without change your internal/external customers will not stay satisfied with the service/s they receive; the company will not be able to meet its targets/objectives and consequently for some companies there will no longer be the need for the business to exist. Section 2 – Understand the purpose of supporting change in a business environment 1. Identify the main reasons for reviewing working methods, products and / or services in a business environment. The reason of reviewing working methods, products and services, is to ensure that the business will develop and to aid the organisation’s continuous improvement, which enhances the organisation’s competitive position, allowing it to adapt to change when needed. In a business environment nothing remains the same and therefore it is likely that there will be continual review of its working methods, products or services to ensure that they are still be suitable and efficient. A company will want to review its services and products, so that it keeps up to date with the expectations of its customers. This will ensure the company to be competitive and/or meet its targets/objectives. A change to a service or product offered by the company could mean that related procedures need to be reviewed to ensure they are still relevant. In most businesses there is a continual process of reviewing the working methods or services and making changes to improve them, followed by a review of this changes and then making further amendments as needed. 2. When a business is going through change: a) Describe the different types of support that people may need. Some people adapt to change very well and others don’t. Where as some people thrive on the challenge of something new, others may worry about it and can become very negative. If team members feel valued and well supported during a change, they are more likely to adapt quickly and be more open to accept what need to be done. Good communication can really help people accept a change more easily and quicker. The person implementing a change will hopefully give everyone plenty of info and also get everyone involved as a team to help make decisions Training and time are also important support measures that people will need to adapt during a change. Not everyone will be able to change over night. They may take time to learn how to complete something new and also need training to be able to do so. Other ways of supporting the team can be: mentoring, coaching, giving and receiving constructive feedback as well as advice on employment issues and pay and conditions. All this support can be provided through different methods, like one-to-one sessions, delegating work tasks, work shadowing, job sharing, team briefings and trade union meetings. b) Explain the benefits of working with others. Working with others really helps to keep a positive outlook to changes. Working together as a team will provide the support and collective knowledge which will help when change may become more challenging. As mentioned before, people often adapt to change better if there is a strong informal input. It is important to remember that to support and work with colleagues effectively you will need to keep a positive outlook. Moaning and continual criticism of what you are doing will not support others at all. Working with others can have a lot of benefits like: finding out what is happening and what is going to change, as well as sharing workloads, learning and experience. By encouraging others to develop their knowledge and skills, as well as maintaining a personal network of contacts, helps to motivate each other. Section 3 – Understand how to respond to change in a business environment 1. In relation to your current business environment (or one that you are familiar with): a) Explain why you should respond positively to changes in working methods. A positive response to changes in working methods is important, so as to support not only the company but also colleagues in adapting to this changes. In my current position working as a care officer, the use of a Diary Handover sheet was introduced, to improve better communication between staff, as well as better documentation of events/issues that occurred each day. Prior to this, staff passed noted to each other, which could easily get lost and did not document clearly each day’s occurrences for management to follow. This forced me and my colleagues to record occurrences in formal way. If I opposed the change, colleagues and management would not find relevant information from my shift and could create confusion and waste their time in investigating occurrences which not recorded. b) Explain why you should respond positively to changes in products or services. If I did not respond positively to new products or services, it could to lead to conflict with managers trying to improve the service or product and be perceived by customers in a negative light. It could also create delays and create confusion amongst colleagues, if the change did not move forward. c) Identify ways of responding positively to change. The first positive action you can take is to look at the way you view change. Think of the change as an opportunity to gain new skills, improve your working procedures and even achieve career progression. Also, have willingness to learn new skills and procedures and to teach others. Attend any training available with a positive attitude, the more knowledge you have the easier you will find doing something new. Support colleagues if they are struggling, this is a great opportunity to demonstrate different skills to your colleagues. Don’t get drawn into negative conversations, this will not make you or others feel good about the situation. Think of ways to move forward, seek support from a manager or colleague if you think you need it. Even now my company is at the risk of being closed down because the county council wants to save money and cut social services, I went today to a training about Translating and interpreting languages and cultures in working with people from different backgrounds. And that’s because must go on and I want to keep myself positive and constructive. Once you have completed all 3 Sections of this Assessment, go to www.vision2learn.com and send your work to your tutor for marking.